Sepsis por celulitis necrotizante en paciente embarazada con sindrome antifosfolípido en tratamiento / Necrotizing sepsis cellulitis pregnant patient with antiphospholipid syndrome treatment

Introducción: El término ''síndrome antifosfolipídico'' (SAF) describe la asociación de los anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (AAF) con un cuadro clínico de hipercoagulabilidad caracterizado por trombosis a repetición y abortos recurrentes. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de celulitis severa de periné en paciente con SAF y tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina. Caso clínico: Paciente de 39 años con embarazo de término con SAF tratado con hidroxicloroquina y anticoagulación que desarrolló una infección severa de partes blandas del periné que fue tratado con interrupción del embarazo, drenaje agresivo del periné y tratamiento antibiótico extenso con buena evolución. Conclusión: La asociación del tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina, embarazo y una complicación séptica es incierta. El tratamiento con inmunosupresión no es estándar y podría haber favorecido el mal pronóstico del cuadro clínico. (AU)

Objetive: To present a case of severe perineal cellulitis in a pregnant patient with Antiphospholipid syndrome treated wiht hidroxicloroquine. Case report: A 39 years old female pregnant patient with AFS treated with hidroxicloroquine and heparin developed severe perineal infection with systemic impairment. Final treatment included aggressive perineal drainage in multiple sessions, pregnancy delivered and systemic treatment with wide spectrum antibiotics and general measures. Discusion and Conclusion: Treatment with hidroxicloroquine, pregnancy and septic complication is infrequent. This approach is not standard and it could favored worst prognostic of the general syndrome. (AU)

Abdominal dermocutaneous flap for reconstruction of a bleeding area in necrotizing fasciitis / Retalho dermocutâneo abdominal para reconstrução de área cruenta pós-fasceíte necrotizante

Introduction: The sequelae caused by Fournier's syndrome are extensive, systemic, debilitating, and deforming. They require both general and local treatments with antibiotics and subsequent debridement to delimit non-necrotic margins, which result from extensive bleeding areas. Methods: The area affected and described in this study is the upper third of the right thigh. The goal was to use the dermocutaneous excess, usually removed in abdominoplasties. Abdominoplasty was routinely performed, and the cutaneous excess of the hypogastrium was transferred to cover a bleeding area in the upper third of the thigh throughout its extension. In the bleeding region, adequate occlusion was performed, and a tissue with similar thickness and elasticity was used to minimize the deformities that affected both the donor and receiving areas. Results: The bleeding area was covered in a single surgery. Conclusion: The use of the cutaneous excess of the hypogastrium to cover the bleeding region of the upper third of the thigh is an alternative technique, which can be conducted in a single surgery in patients presenting excess abdominal skin.

Introdução: As sequelas decorrentes da síndrome de Fournier são extensas, de repercussão sistêmica, debilitantes e deformantes, que exigem tratamento geral e local com o uso de antibióticos e sucessivos desbridamentos para delimitar os limites sem necroses resultando áreas cruentas e extensas. Métodos: O caso presente envolveu o terço superior da coxa direita. A proposta foi a de utilizar o excedente dermocutâneo, que normalmente é eliminado nas abdominoplastias. A abdominoplastia foi realizada dentro da rotina em que este excedente cutâneo do hipogástrio foi transferido para cobrir a área cruenta em toda a sua extensão no terço superior da coxa. A oclusão foi adequada na área cruenta, com um tecido semelhante em espessura e elasticidade, minimizando a deformidade tanto na área doadora quanto na receptora. Resultados: Foi obtida total cobertura da área cruenta num único tempo operatório. Conclusão: A utilização dos excessos cutâneos do hipogástrio para recobrir a área cruenta no terço superior da coxa segue como mais uma opção técnica num único tempo operatório em pacientes com excesso cutâneo abdominal.

Diagnóstico y manejo precoz de la gangrena de fournerr / Early diagnosis and management of fournier´s gangrene

Aim: The aim of this study is to report the results of a series of patients diagnosed with Fournier’s gangrene underwent surgical debridement plus broad-spectrum antibiotics in the emergency department of the Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau (HBLT) between 2009 and 2013, in terms of mortality associated with the disease. Material and Methods: Between 2009 and 2013, a case series of patients with diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene treated in the Emergency Department of the Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau. The outcome variable was mortality attributed to the disease (MAD). Other variables were: age, sex, comorbidities, focus of origin, waiting time for antibiotic treatment and surgery to start, number of surgical debridement and agents isolated from cultures. Descriptive statistics were used, with calculation of measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: During the study period, 56 patients were identified with diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene (60.7 percent were male) with a mean age of 52 years (23-75 years old). The MAD was 48.2 percent. The most common comorbidity was diabetes (66.6 percent). The more prevalent focus of origin was anorectal pathology (42.9 percent). The average waiting time from diagnosis to initiation of antibiotic therapy and surgery was 40 minutes (15-80) and 580 minutes (20-4320), respectively. The required surgical debridement average was 4. Isolated on the intraoperative tissue cultures agent was E. coli (51.8 percent). Conclusion: Mortality attributable to Fournier’s gangrene is similar to that observed in the literature.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es comunicar los resultados observados en una serie de pacientes con diagnóstico de gangrena de Fournier sometidos a aseo quirúrgico con debridamiento más terapia antibiótica de amplio espectro, en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT), entre los años 2009 y 2013, en términos de mortalidad asociada a la enfermedad. Material y Método: Serie de casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de gangrena de Fournier tratados en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau entre 2009 y 2013. La variable resultado fue mortalidad atribuida a la enfermedad (MAE). Otras variables de interés fueron: edad, sexo, patologías asociadas, foco de origen, tiempo de espera para el inicio del tratamiento antibiótico y cirugía, número de aseos y agentes aislados en los cultivos. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con cálculo de medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: En el período en estudio se identificaron 56 pacientes con diagnóstico de Gangrena de Fournier (60,7 por ciento eran masculinos), con un promedio de edad de 52 años (23-75 años). La MAE fue 48,2 por ciento. La patología asociada más frecuente fue la diabetes (66,6 por ciento). El foco de origen más prevalente fue la patología anorrectal (42,9 por ciento). El tiempo promedio de espera desde el diagnóstico hasta el inicio de la terapia antibiótica y la cirugía fue de 40 minutos (15-80) y 580 minutos (20-4320) respectivamente. El promedio de aseos requeridos fue de 4. El agente más aislado en los cultivos de tejido intraoperatorio fue Escherichia coli (51,8 por ciento). Conclusión: La mortalidad atribuible a la Gangrena de Fournier es similar a la observada en la literatura.

Síndrome de Fournier: estudo de 32 pacientes do diagnóstico à reconstrução / Fourniers gangrene: study of 32 patients from diagnosis to reconstruction

Objetivo: apresentar a experiência do serviço, enfatizando a importância do diagnóstico precoce, tratamento cirúrgico agressivo, ampla cobertura antibiótica e a necessidade de reconstrução do períneo destes pacientes. Material e Métodos: estudo de 32 pacientes consecutivos tratados de novembro de 1998 a janeiro de 2008. Resultados: 31 (96,8%) masculinos e um (3,2%) feminino. Quanto à etnia, 20 eram brancos, sete pardos e cinco negros. A idade variou entre 23 e 88 anos (média de 50,9 anos). A lesão inicial foi identificada em todos os casos, sendo o abscesso (genital/perianal) responsável por 27 (84,3%) dos pacientes. Os fatores associados estiveram presentes em 18 (56,3%) casos: diabetes mellitus em 10, alcoolismo em sete, paraplegia em seis, AIDS em três, obesidade em três e desnutrição em dois; destes cinco (15,6%) eram presidiários. O tratamento consistiu de desbridamento cirúrgico precoce e agressivo, com média de 1,5 por paciente. Realizaram-se quatro (12,5%) colostomias em alça e sete (21,8%) cistostomias. A associação de ceftriaxona com clindamicina foi utilizada em 15 (46,8%) pacientes. A reconstrução foi feita por: sutura primária ? nove casos (28,1%); retalhos cutâneos locais e cicatrização por segunda intenção ? sete casos (21,8%)/cada; enxertos de pele parcial ? seis casos(18,7%). Três pacientes morreram (9,3%). O tempo médio de permanência hospitalar foi de 26,1 dias. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce aliado ao desbridamento cirúrgico extenso são medidas importantes na contenção da rápida progressão da síndrome, associados a medidas de suporte clínico e ampla cobertura antimicrobiana. Os métodos de reconstrução têm um papel importante no sentido de minimizar as deformidades, restituindo ao paciente sua autoimagem.

Objective: to evaluate the experience of our institution, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis, aggressive surgical débridement combined with broad-spectrum antibiotic, and the need for reconstruction of the perineum these patients. Methods: study of 32 consecutive patients treated from November 1998 to January 2008. Results: there were 31 (96.8%) males and one (3.2%) female. The patients ranged in age from 23 to 88 years (mean age 50.9 years). Of the 31 patients, 20 (62.5%) were white, seven (21.8%) were non-white and five (15.5%) were black. The primary lesion was localized in all cases, being the abscess (genital/perianal) responsible for 27 (84.3%) patients. There were a number of predisposing factors in eighteen patients (56.3%). Ten patients were diabetic, 7 were alcoholic, 6 were paraplegic, 3 had AIDS, 3 (9.3%) were obese. There was malnutrition in 2 (6.4%) and 5 (15.6%) were penitentiary inmates. The treatment consisted of precocious and wide surgical debridement which was performed in all patients. Most patients received multiple debridements (mean 1.5 per patient). There were 4 (12.5%) colostomies and 7 (21.8%) cistostomies. Fifteen patients (46.8%) received broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage (ceftriaxone associated with clindamicyn). Nine patients (28.1%) had primary suture, seven patients (21.8%) had local cutaneous grafts and second intention healing; three patients (9.3%) died. The average hospital stay was 26.1 days. Conclusion: FG requires a prompt diagnosis, immediate surgical treatment and antibiotic coverage. Methods of reconstruction are important not only for minimizing deformities but also for restoration of the patient autoimage.

Avicenna's canon of medicine and modern urology part II: bladder calculi

In the previous issue of the Urology journal, a comparison of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine with modern urologic findings was done in part I of this article, addressing bladder anatomy and physiology and bladder calculi. In part II of this review, the remaining chapters of the Canon of Medicine on bladder calculi are reviewed. Avicenna points to perineal urethrostomy [perineostomy], which is today performed as the last therapeutic line or as a temporary remedy before surgical treatment. He also describes surgery via transperineal route and warns the surgeon of the proximity of vasa deferentia, prostate gland, and neurovascular bundle and their exposure in this position. Usage of grasping forceps for removal of bladder calculus and emphasis on removing all calculus fragments are the interesting points of this chapter. Avicenna explains a technique similar to the use of a Babcock forceps for prevention of calculus migration. Complications of bladder calculus surgery and cystotomy are also addressed with scientific precision in the Canon. It is noteworthy that 8 centuries before Fournier described necrotizing fasciitis in male genitalia, Avicenna had described Fournier gangrene in his book

Síndrome de Fournier / Fournier's Syndrome

A fasciite necrosante do períneo (síndrome e Fournier) é causada por flora bacteriana mista (aeróbios e anaeróbios). Säo identificadas causas colo-retais e urológicas como fonte da infecçäo. O diagnóstico depende de suspeitar-se da doença, e os achados iniciais säo dor e edema discreto localizado. Conforme a doença progride, tornam-se evidentes a enduraçäo da derme, eritema e, no final, surge necrose da pele. O tratamento com antibióticos de largo espectro e desbridamento cirúrgico agressivo devem ser prontamente iniciados, para se evitar as altas taxas de mortalidade

Infecçäo aguda do trato urogenital / Acute infection of the genitourinary system

Os autores fazem uma abordagem prática sobre o diagnóstico e o tratamento de pacientes com infeccao aguda do trato urogenital. Säo apresentadas as situaçöes mais comuns relacionadas à infecçäo do trato urinário baixo e do rim, assim como algumas das infecçöes sexualmente transmissíveis. Procurou-se, em cada situaçäo, comentar sobre os agentes etiológicos mais freqüentes, bem como orientar a solicitaçäo de exames subsidiários pertinentes para a confirmaçäo do diagnóstico, para a identificaçäo de complicaçäo ou de fatores predisponentes. Recomendou-se, ainda, a terapia específica mais usada para cada caso, näo só para combater os agentes infecciosos mais também os fatores predisponentes e as complicaçöes